诸葛亮出山北伐行迹（207年 — 234年 · 东汉建安十二年至蜀汉建兴十二年 · ）

刘备驻新野，三诣襄阳城西二十里隆中草庐访诸葛亮。年二十七的孔明纵论天下大势，提出跨有荆益、保其岩阻、西和诸戎、南抚夷越、内修政理、待天下有变则命一上将将荆州之军向宛洛而身率益州之众出秦川的“隆中对”宏图。

At age twenty-seven in his cottage at Longzhong west of Xiangyang, Zhuge Liang received Liu Bei on his third visit and unveiled the Longzhong Plan: secure Jing and Yi provinces, ally with Eastern Wu, pacify the southern tribes, and launch a two-pronged northern offensive to restore the Han.

诸葛亮《出师表》：“臣本布衣，躬耕于南阳，苟全性命于乱世，不求闻达于诸侯。先帝不以臣卑鄙，猥自枉屈，三顾臣于草庐之中。”Zhuge Liang, Former Chu Shi Biao: "I was originally a commoner, tilling the fields in Nanyang... Yet the Late Emperor did not disdain my humble station and deigned to visit me thrice in my thatched cottage."

曹操南下荆州、刘备败走当阳长坂，诸葛亮临危请命顺江东下柴桑说孙权，剖析曹军远来疲弊、北人不习水战之弊，促成孙刘同盟；旋于赤壁大破曹军，奠定三分天下之基。

As Cao Cao swept south through Jing Province, Zhuge Liang sailed down the Yangtze to Chaisang to persuade Sun Quan into an alliance; the allied forces burned Cao Cao’s fleet at the Red Cliffs, forging the tripartite balance.

《三国志·诸葛亮传》：“权大悦，即遣周瑜、程普、鲁肃等水军三万，随亮诣先主，并力拒曹公。”Records of the Three Kingdoms: "Sun Quan was greatly pleased and immediately dispatched Zhou Yu, Cheng Pu, and Lu Su with thirty thousand naval troops to join Liu Bei against Cao Cao."

刘备入蜀受阻于雒城，诸葛亮与张飞、赵云自荆州率军溯长江西上，分定江州、江阳、犍为诸郡，与刘备合围成都；刘璋出降，亮署左将军府事，修订《蜀科》，宽严相济治理巴蜀。

Leading reinforcements up the Yangtze Three Gorges with Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun, Zhuge Liang converged on Chengdu with Liu Bei, securing Yi Province and codifying the legal code of Shu.

《三国志·诸葛亮传》：“亮与张飞、赵云等率众泝江，分定郡县，与先主共围成都。成都平，以亮为军师将军。”Records of the Three Kingdoms: "Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei, and Zhao Yun led forces up the Yangtze, pacifying commanderies and counties before joining Liu Bei to encircle Chengdu."

曹丕篡汉自立，诸葛亮与群臣劝进刘备于成都武担山之南即皇帝位，延续汉室正统；诸葛亮拜丞相、录尚书事、假节，总摄蜀汉朝政与盐铁锦官经济。

Following Cao Pi’s usurpation of the Han throne, Zhuge Liang advised Liu Bei to proclaim the continuation of Han in Chengdu, becoming Imperial Chancellor of Shu Han.

册丞相诏：“朕遭家不造，奉承大统，兢兢业业，不敢康宁，思靖百姓，惧未能绥。於戏！丞相亮其悉朕意。”Imperial Edict of 221 CE: "Having inherited the Great Succession in troubled times, I rely wholeheartedly upon Chancellor Liang to bring peace to the realm."

夷陵之战后刘备病笃永安白帝城，自成都召诸葛亮赴行宫托孤，嘱以“嗣子可辅，辅之；如其不才，君可自取”。亮涕泣死节，回朝后开府治事、遣邓芝修好东吴，稳固危局。

Summoned to the dying Emperor Liu Bei’s bedside at Baidicheng, Zhuge Liang accepted the regency in tears, pledging unyielding loyalty until death and restoring the Wu alliance.

诸葛亮《出师表》：“受任于败军之际，奉命于危难之间，尔来二十有一年矣。”Zhuge Liang, Former Chu Shi Biao: "I received my appointment in the hour of defeat and accepted my mandate in the midst of peril—twenty-one years have passed since then."

为解除北伐后顾之忧，诸葛亮率军自安上水路入越巂，五月渡泸水（金沙江），采马谡“攻心为上”之策，七擒七纵孟获，平定益州、永昌、牂牁、越巂四郡，皆即其渠帅而用之，终亮之世南方不复反。

Marching south across the Jinsha (Lu) River in summer 225 CE, Zhuge Liang adopted the strategy of "winning hearts above all," capturing and releasing Meng Huo seven times to secure the southern frontier.

《汉晋春秋》：“亮笑，纵使更战，七纵七禽，而亮犹遣获。获止不去，曰：‘公，天威也，南人不复反矣。’”Annals of Han and Jin: "Captured and released seven times, Meng Huo bowed and refused to leave, saying: 'Your Excellency possesses the majesty of Heaven; the south will never rebel again.'"

南中既定，诸葛亮率诸军北驻汉中沔阳，临发向后主刘禅奏呈千古名篇《出师表》，勉以亲贤臣远小人、兴复汉室还于旧都，以汉中为北伐大本营经略关陇。

Establishing his forward headquarters at Hanzhong, Zhuge Liang submitted his immortal Memorial on Deploying the Troops (Chu Shi Biao) to Emperor Liu Shan before marching north.

诸葛亮《出师表》：“今南方已定，兵甲已足，当奖率三军，北定中原，庶竭驽钝，攘除奸凶，兴复汉室，还于旧都。”Zhuge Liang, Former Chu Shi Biao: "Now the south is pacified and our armor is sufficient; I ought to lead the Three Armies to secure the Central Plains and restore the House of Han."

声东击西由箕谷设疑兵、亲率大军攻祁山，戎阵整齐，南安、天水、安定三郡叛魏应亮，关中震响，收天水俊杰姜维；惜马谡违亮节度于街亭依山不下城，为张郃绝水道所破，亮拔西县千余家还汉中并自贬三等。

Debouching from Mount Qi in disciplined array, Zhuge Liang won over three Wei commanderies—shaking all Guanzhong and recruiting Jiang Wei—before Ma Su’s defeat at Jieting forced an orderly withdrawal.

《三国志·诸葛亮传》：“亮身率诸军攻祁山，戎阵整齐，赏罚肃而号令明，南安、天水、安定三郡叛魏应亮，关中响震。”Records of the Three Kingdoms: "Zhuge Liang led the armies in person to attack Mount Qi in disciplined ranks; Nanan, Tianshui, and Anding commanderies defected from Wei to join him, shaking all Guanzhong."

始以木牛运粮四出祁山，于卤城大破司马懿主力，获甲首三千级、玄铠五千领；夏六月粮尽退军，司马懿遣名将张郃追至木门道，亮乘高布伏万弩齐发，射杀张郃。

Using wooden-ox transport on his fourth northern campaign, Zhuge Liang routed Sima Yi outside Lucheng and ambushed the pursuing Wei general Zhang He with massed crossbows in Mumen Gorge.

《三国志·诸葛亮传》：“亮粮尽退军，司马宣王遣张郃追之，郃进至木门，与亮军交战，飞矢中郃右膝，薨。”Records of the Three Kingdoms: "When Zhuge Liang withdrew for lack of grain, Sima Yi sent Zhang He in pursuit; at Mumen Trail, a flying bolt struck Zhang He in the right knee, and he perished."

春二月悉大众十万由褒斜道出斜谷，以流马运粮，据武功五丈原与司马懿对峙于渭水之南，分兵屯田久驻之基，百姓安堵军无私焉；相持百余日，八月积劳病逝于军中，年五十四，杨仪、姜维整军从容退入斜谷，留“死诸葛走生仲达”之谚。

Leading 100,000 troops through the Xie Valley to the Wuzhang Plains south of the Wei River, Zhuge Liang established military-agricultural colonies and held off Sima Yi for over a hundred days before passing away in camp at age fifty-four.

杜甫《蜀相》：“三顾频烦天下计，两朝开济老臣心。出师未捷身先死，长使英雄泪满襟。”Du Fu, The Chancellor of Shu: "Three visits sought his counsel for the realm; through two reigns the old minister’s heart sustained the state. Before the campaign triumphed he died in the field, forever filling heroes’ robes with tears."