青史行迹 · 历史人物时空巡礼专题（第 2 / 7 篇）
张骞凿空西域行迹（前138年 — 前126年 · 西汉建元三年至元朔三年 · ）
Zhang Qian's Mission to the Western Regions (138 BCE – 126 BCE · Western Han · )
时代跨度：前138年 — 前126年 · 西汉建元三年至元朔三年 ·
途经站点：共 9 站
起点 → 终点：长安 → 长安（归汉）
全线途经古今地名：长安（今陕西西安） → 陇西（今甘肃临洮） → 姑臧·河西（今甘肃武威） → 焉耆·北道（今新疆焉耆） → 大宛·贰师城（今费尔干纳盆地） → 康居（今锡尔河中游） → 大月氏·蓝氏城（今阿富汗巴尔赫） → 于阗·南道（今新疆和田） → 长安（归汉）（今陕西西安）。
Route Stops: Chang'an (Xi'an, Shaanxi) → Longxi (Lintao, Gansu) → Guzang (Hexi) (Wuwei, Gansu) → Yanqi (Karasahr) (Yanqi, Xinjiang) → Dayuan (Fergana) (Fergana Valley) → Kangju (Sogdiana) (Tashkent / Samarkand region) → Great Yuezhi & Daxia (Balkh, Afghanistan) → Khotan (Yutian) (Hotan, Xinjiang) → Chang'an (Return) (Xi'an, Shaanxi).
张骞凿空西域行迹 · 逐站时空坐标、古今地名与史料诗词详解（9 站）
汉武帝欲联合大月氏共击匈奴，张骞以郎应募，与堂邑氏胡奴甘父率百余人自长安出发西行。
Emperor Wu of Han sought an alliance with the Great Yuezhi against the Xiongnu; Zhang Qian volunteered and departed Chang'an with over a hundred men.
《史记·大宛列传》：“骞以郎应募，使月氏，与堂邑氏胡奴甘父俱出陇西。”Records of the Grand Historian: "Zhang Qian volunteered as a palace attendant to go as envoy to the Yuezhi, departing Longxi with Ganfu."
自陇西郡出塞西渡黄河，踏入匈奴右贤王与浑邪王控扼的河西之地，由此西去万里皆属未知绝域。
Crossing the Han frontier at Longxi Commandery into the Xiongnu-held Hexi Corridor toward the uncharted Western Regions.
《汉书·张骞传》：“出陇西，径匈奴，匈奴得之。”Book of Han: "Departing Longxi, he passed through Xiongnu territory and was captured."
途经河西走廊为匈奴骑兵截获，押送单于王庭。单于予妻生子，然张骞始终“持汉节不失”，羁留十余载待机西奔。
Captured in the Hexi Corridor and held for over ten years by the Xiongnu Chanyu, yet Zhang Qian never relinquished his Han imperial tally.
《史记·大宛列传》：“留骞十余岁，予妻，有子，然骞持汉节不失。”Records of the Grand Historian: "Detained over ten years and given a wife and son, yet Zhang Qian kept his Han imperial staff unblemished."
匈奴监管渐宽，张骞与甘父乘隙逃脱，循天山南麓绿洲昼夜西驰数十日，穿越车师、焉耆、龟兹诸国。
Seizing a moment of lax guard, Zhang Qian and Ganfu escaped westward for dozens of days along the northern Tarim oases at the foot of the Tian Shan.
《史记·大宛列传》：“居匈奴中，益宽，骞因与其属亡乡月氏，西走数十日。”Records of the Grand Historian: "When surveillance eased, Zhang Qian fled with his men toward the Yuezhi, riding west for dozens of days."
翻越帕米尔高原（葱岭）抵达盛产汗血宝马的大宛国。大宛王久闻汉朝饶财欲通而不得，见张骞大喜，特派向导译员护送赴康居。
Crossing the Pamir Mountains into Fergana (Dayuan), whose king welcomed Zhang Qian warmly and provided guides and interpreters.
《史记·大宛列传》：“大宛闻汉之饶财，欲通不得，见骞，喜……为发导驿抵康居。”Records of the Grand Historian: "Dayuan had heard of Han wealth and rejoiced at meeting Zhang Qian, dispatching post-guides to escort him to Kangju."
由大宛导驿护送至康居国，再由康居王庭遣骑护送南下妫水（阿姆河）流域的大月氏王庭。
Escorted through Kangju between the Syr Darya and Zeravshan rivers, and relayed southward toward the Amu Darya (Oxus).
《史记·大宛列传》：“抵康居，康居传致大月氏。”Records of the Grand Historian: "Reaching Kangju, he was relayed onward to the Great Yuezhi."
抵阿姆河流域，大月氏已臣服大夏（巴克特里亚），土地肥美安乐，无意东还复仇。张骞驻留岁余，详考大夏、安息、身毒及蜀布竹杖商路。
In fertile Bactria, the Yuezhi no longer wished to return east against the Xiongnu. Staying over a year, Zhang Qian documented Parthia, India, and Sichuan trade goods.
《史记·大宛列传》：“留岁余，还，并南山，欲从羌中归。”Records of the Grand Historian: "After staying over a year, he headed back along the Southern Mountains to return through Qiang lands."
为避匈奴控制的天山北道，返程改循昆仑山北麓西域南道，经莎车、于阗、楼兰，欲从羌中归汉，不意复为匈奴游骑所得。
To avoid Xiongnu patrols on the northern route, Zhang Qian returned along the Kunlun foothills via Yarkand and Khotan, but was captured again by Xiongnu horsemen.
《史记·大宛列传》：“并南山，欲从羌中归，复为匈奴所得。”Records of the Grand Historian: "Skirting the Southern Mountains to return via Qiang territory, he was captured once more by the Xiongnu."
元朔三年军臣单于死、匈奴内乱，张骞与胡妻及甘父逃归长安。出使十三载，百余人唯二人得还，封博望侯，史称“凿空”。
Amid Xiongnu succession turmoil in 126 BCE, Zhang Qian escaped back to Chang'an with Ganfu—only two survivors of the original hundred—opening the Silk Road.
《史记·大宛列传》：“初行时百余人，去十三岁，唯二人得还。”Records of the Grand Historian: "Of over a hundred men who set out, after thirteen years only two returned."