青史行迹 · 历史人物时空巡礼专题（第 1 / 7 篇）
秦始皇一统六国行迹（前238年 — 前221年 · 秦王政九年至二十六年 · ）
Qin Shi Huang's Unification Campaigns (238 BCE – 221 BCE · Reign of King Zheng of Qin · )
时代跨度：前238年 — 前221年 · 秦王政九年至二十六年 ·
途经站点：共 9 站
起点 → 终点：咸阳 → 临淄
全线途经古今地名：咸阳（今陕西咸阳） → 邺城（今河北临漳西南） → 新郑（今河南新郑） → 邯郸（今河北邯郸） → 蓟城（今北京西南） → 大梁（今河南开封） → 寿春（今安徽寿县） → 襄平（今辽宁辽阳） → 临淄（今山东淄博临淄）。
Route Stops: Xianyang (Xianyang, Shaanxi) → Ye (Yecheng) (Linzhang, Hebei) → Xinzheng (Xinzheng, Henan) → Handan (Handan, Hebei) → Jicheng (Yan Capital) (Beijing) → Daliang (Kaifeng, Henan) → Shouchun (Shouxian, Anhui) → Xiangping (Liaodong) (Liaoyang, Liaoning) → Linzi (Zibo, Shandong).
秦始皇一统六国行迹 · 逐站时空坐标、古今地名与史料诗词详解（9 站）
二十二岁的秦王政在故都雍城蕲年宫行冠礼亲政，旋即发兵平定长信侯嫪毐之乱，次年罢免相邦吕不韦。随后采纳大梁人尉缭、楚人李斯「远交近攻、先弱后强、各个击破」之策，倾关中与巴蜀之力，蓄势东出函谷关。
At age 22, King Zheng of Qin assumed personal rule, crushed Lao Ai’s rebellion, dismissed Chancellor Lü Buwei, and adopted Li Si and Wei Liao’s grand strategy to annex the six eastern states one by one.
「秦王为人，蜂准，长目，挚鸟膺，豺声，少恩而虎狼之心……诚得志于天下，天下皆为虏矣。」——《史记·秦始皇本纪》引尉缭语“With the resources of Qin and the strategy of annexing the feudal lords, the whole world can be unified under one rule.” — Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji)
趁赵燕交兵、赵军主力北上攻燕之际，秦王政命王翦、桓齮、杨端和三路大军东出伐赵，连拔邺城、阏与等九城。此役夺取赵国南部漳水门户，正式拉开秦灭六国十年统一战争的序幕。
Exploiting a war between Zhao and Yan, Qin generals Wang Jian, Huan Yi, and Yang Duanhe marched east and captured nine Zhao cities including Ye and Yanyu, opening the unification wars.
「十一年，王翦、桓齮、杨端和攻邺，取九城。」——《史记·秦始皇本纪》“In the 11th year, Wang Jian, Huan Yi, and Yang Duanhe attacked Ye and took nine cities.” — Shiji
韩国扼守函谷关外，为秦东进首冲。秦内史腾率军渡河急袭韩都新郑，一举俘虏韩王安，尽收其地设立颍川郡（治阳翟）。韩国成为战国七雄中第一个覆灭的诸侯国，秦军由此牢牢扼住中原腹心。
Commandery Governor Teng marched on the Han capital Xinzheng, captured King An of Han, and established Yingchuan Commandery. Han became the first of the six states to fall.
「十七年，内史腾攻韩，得韩王安，尽纳其地，以其地为郡，命曰颍川。」——《史记·秦始皇本纪》“In the 17th year, Governor Teng attacked Han, captured King An, and made his territory Yingchuan Commandery.” — Shiji
赵国名将李牧屡挫秦军。秦军重金行反间计于赵王宠臣郭开，赵王迁自毁长城冤杀李牧、废司马尚。王翦遂猛攻大破赵军，于前228年攻克赵都邯郸，俘赵王迁；秦王政亲赴邯郸尽坑昔日母家仇人。赵公子嘉率宗族北奔代郡称代王。
After a Qin espionage plot induced King Qian of Zhao to execute his brilliant general Li Mu, Wang Jian shattered the Zhao army and captured Handan. Prince Jia fled north to establish the rump state of Dai.
「赵葱死，颜聚亡，后三月，王翦因急击，大破赵，杀赵葱，虏赵王迁及其将颜聚，遂灭赵。」——《战国策》及《史记》“Wang Jian pressed the attack, shattered the Zhao forces, and captured King Qian, extinguishing Zhao.” — Shiji
秦军饮马易水，燕太子丹于前227年遣荆轲歌「风萧萧兮易水寒」入咸阳献督亢地图刺秦，图穷匕见未果。秦王政震怒，命王翦、辛胜率主力北伐，于易水之西大破燕代联军，前226年十月攻拔燕都蓟城。燕王喜斩太子丹首级献秦求和未果，退保辽东襄平。
After Jing Ke’s failed assassination attempt in Xianyang (227 BCE), Wang Jian crushed the Yan-Dai army west of the Yi River and captured the Yan capital Jicheng in 226 BCE. King Xi of Yan fled east to Liaodong.
「风萧萧兮易水寒，壮士一去兮不复还！」——《战国策·燕策三》“The wind blows shrill and the Yi River is cold; once the hero departs, he shall never return!” — Intrigues of the Warring States
魏都大梁城垣坚厚、护城河深广，易守难攻。王翦之子王贲率军南下攻魏，掘开黄河与鸿沟水渠引水灌城。浸灌三月，大梁城墙崩坏，魏王假出降被杀，秦尽收魏地设砀郡，三晋至此尽入于秦。
Facing the heavily fortified Wei capital of Daliang, Wang Ben diverted the Yellow River and Honggou Canal to flood the city for three months until its walls collapsed. King Jia surrendered, ending the state of Wei.
「二十二年，王贲攻魏，引河沟灌大梁，大梁城坏，其王请降，尽取其地。」——《史记·秦始皇本纪》“In the 22nd year, Wang Ben attacked Wei, channeled the Yellow River to flood Daliang, and took all its land.” — Shiji
李信率二十万秦军伐楚先胜后败，为项燕所乘。秦王政亲赴频阳向老将王翦谢过，倾全国六十万大军托付王翦、蒙武。王翦坚壁不出以老楚师，待楚军东撤之际大举追击，于蕲南击杀项燕，攻克楚都寿春，俘楚王负刍，广袤楚地尽归于秦。
After Li Xin’s setback, King Zheng entrusted 600,000 troops to veteran general Wang Jian. Wearing down the Chu forces before striking decisively, Wang Jian captured Shouchun and King Fuchu, conquering Chu.
「王翦果代李信击荆……荆数挑战而秦不出。乃引而东。翦因举兵追之，令壮士击，大破荆军。」——《史记·白起王翦列传》“Chu repeatedly challenged Qin to battle, yet Wang Jian held firm inside his ramparts until Chu retreated east, then struck with full force and routed them.” — Shiji
王贲、李信挥师东北远征辽东，攻破襄平，俘燕王喜，燕国彻底灭亡；旋即回师北击代郡，俘代王嘉，赵氏余脉亦绝。同年南线王翦大军渡江平定楚国江南旧地，降服越君，置会稽郡。天下六国仅余东海之滨的齐国孤悬。
Wang Ben and Li Xin marched into Liaodong to capture King Xi of Yan at Xiangping, then turned west to capture King Jia of Dai, while Wang Jian pacified Jiangnan and established Kuaiji Commandery.
「二十五年，大兴兵，使王贲将，攻燕辽东，得燕王喜。还攻代，虏代王嘉。王翦遂定荆江南地。」——《史记·秦始皇本纪》“In the 25th year, Wang Ben attacked Liaodong, captured King Xi of Yan, and returned to capture King Jia of Dai, while Wang Jian pacified Jiangnan.” — Shiji
齐相后胜受秦重金贿赂，劝齐王建不修战备、不援五国，仅于西界屯兵防秦。前221年，王贲、李信、蒙恬自燕地南下避开齐军西境主力，径直突入齐都临淄，齐王建不战出降。秦王政遂完成统一大业，定尊号「始皇帝」，废分封、设三十六郡，开创中国两千年大一统格局。
Bypassing Qi’s western border defenses, Wang Ben, Li Xin, and Meng Tian plunged south from Yan straight into Linzi. King Jian of Qi surrendered without a battle, completing the unification of China under the First Emperor.
「六王毕，四海一。」——杜牧《阿房宫赋》 · 「秦初并天下……法令由一统。」——《史记·秦始皇本纪》“The six kings met their end, and the four seas became one.” — Du Mu, Rhapsody on Epang Palace